Which of the following describes a tendency to approach problems in a specific manner that was previously successful?

The correct response refers to a mental set, which is a psychological phenomenon where individuals approach problems in a specific way based on past experiences that have proven successful. This tendency can aid in efficiency and speed in problem solving because it draws from established strategies. However, while this can be beneficial, it can also restrict creativity and hinder the ability to adapt to new or varied circumstances, as individuals may overlook alternative solutions that could be more effective.

The other options present distinct concepts. Cognitive bias encompasses a range of systematic patterns of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment, which influences decision-making but does not specifically refer to an approach based on past problem-solving successes. Functional fixedness denotes an impediment in problem-solving where one cannot see alternative uses for an object other than its typical use, which is unrelated to a consistent approach to problem-solving based on previous successes. Finally, problem-solving style refers to individual differences in how people approach problems, which might involve a variety of strategies rather than a consistent application of one successful method.