Which cognitive strategy is least effective for long-term memory retention?

Massed practice is least effective for long-term memory retention because it involves studying a large amount of information in a single session or over a short period of time, rather than spreading out the study sessions over a longer duration. This approach can lead to quick but superficial learning, making it more likely that information will be forgotten shortly after the intensive study session ends.

In contrast, distributed study, which spaces out learning over time, enhances retention through repeated exposure to the material, allowing for better consolidation in the long-term memory. Elaborative rehearsal involves actively connecting new information to existing knowledge, making it easier to recall later. Active recall, where individuals retrieve information from memory, reinforces learning and strengthens memories more effectively than simply reviewing the material.

In summary, massed practice is less effective for promoting lasting memory retention due to its short-term focus and lack of reinforcement, unlike the other strategies that incorporate spaced learning, connections to prior knowledge, and retrieval practice.