What is described as a methodical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a specific problem?

An algorithm is accurately described as a methodical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a specific problem because it follows a systematic approach to achieve a result. Algorithms provide step-by-step instructions that, when followed correctly, lead to a definitive answer. They are often used in mathematics and computer science for tasks such as data processing, calculations, and problem-solving, where precise outcomes are required.

In contrast, a schema refers to a mental framework that organizes and interprets information, but it does not guarantee a specific solution to a problem. A heuristic, while useful, represents a rule of thumb or shortcut that may lead to an effective solution but does not ensure accuracy. Memory retention involves the process of keeping information stored in memory over time, which is unrelated to problem-solving procedures. Therefore, the definition of an algorithm as a guaranteed method for solving specific problems distinguishes it from the other concepts.