What are cognitive biases?

Cognitive biases refer to systematic errors in thinking that affect decisions and judgments. This understanding is fundamental in the study of psychology because cognitive biases can lead individuals to deviate from a standard of rationality or sound judgment. These biases influence how information is processed, how scenarios are interpreted, and the conclusions drawn from various circumstances, often resulting in decisions that are not purely objective or logical.

Other options do not capture the essence of what cognitive biases are. Advantages in reasoning pertains to correct judgments that enhance decision-making, while positive patterns of thought imply an innate ability to think positively without the influence of error. Temporary lapses in memory relate to forgetfulness or distractions rather than the systematic misjudgments that characterize cognitive biases. Thus, the definition focusing on systematic errors clearly aligns with the established understanding of cognitive biases in cognitive psychology.