How is working memory defined in cognitive psychology?

Working memory in cognitive psychology is defined as the capacity to hold and manipulate information over short periods. This definition emphasizes not just the storage aspect of memory, but also the manipulation of that information for tasks such as reasoning, comprehension, and learning. Working memory is seen as a critical component of cognitive processes, allowing individuals to actively work with the information they are currently processing.

The distinction between working memory and other forms of memory is crucial. For instance, recalling past events refers to long-term memory, which stores information from the past rather than processing current information. Focusing on external stimuli pertains more to attention rather than memory. Lastly, retention of knowledge over a lifetime relates to long-term memory, which is fundamentally different from the transient and dynamic nature of working memory. Thus, the defining characteristic of working memory is its role in the temporary holding and active manipulation of information necessary for cognitive tasks.